Peer Influence on Individuals Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer Influence on Individuals Behavior - Essay Example Additionally, studies have indicated that adolescents are more controlled by their peers compared to grown-ups. This increased vulnerability to peer compliance during adolescence has been expressed as an â€Å"emotional way station† that connects the gap between being expressively reliant on parents during babyhood to becoming an expressively independent grown-up (Fadell & Temkow, 2010). Influence from peers and peer choice are corresponding processes that collaborate to generate the adolescent’s social framework. Adolescents obtain friends who are comparable to them and they as well seem to get new friends who are somewhat similar to their old friends. This hemophilic selection process generates stability in the social framework. However, friends might be alike on one trait while being dissimilar on others and are never the same to the adolescent. These disparities generate opportunities for adolescents to influence the behavior of each other. In consequence of this influence, adolescents might alter their approaches or behaviors. Consequently, prospect friendship selection might reflect this change. Thus, the adolescent social framework is best considered as being dynamic where choice and influence collaborate to generate both stability and change for the adolescent (Luo, et al., 2003). Peer groups regularly institute unspecified standards for their members behavior that differentiate them from other peer groups. For instance, most high schools have groups of solemn students, musicians, insurgents, athletes, outsiders and collectively oriented or admired students. These groups form an esteemed chain of command since they have diverse statuses. The well-liked crowd, differentiated by luxurious clothing and striking physical appearance, are frequently the peer groups in the highest class. Adolescent’s confidence can be affected by how they perceive the grade of their individual peer group as compared to other groups. Grown-ups occasionally reproach

Masculinity and the Mythology of Cinematic heros Essay Example for Free

Masculinity and the Mythology of Cinematic heros Essay Gender roles have been a part of the social norm of society since the early existence of civilizations. These roles strictly incline to the two collective divisions of society known as males and females, thus, such gender roles are dubbed as masculinity and femininity. Masculinity is a term which refers to the characteristics attributed to the male populace of society, while femininity signifies qualities reflective to females (Devor, 58). Generally, masculinity is applied with the integration of dominance and pride, in this sense, masculinity for the longest time has been commonly associated with agression and superiority in various aspects of human capability (Devor, 58). In an aesthetic context, motion pictures particularly often incorporate the stereotypical domineering qualities of males in the element of character. Regardless if a role be a police officer, a cowboy, a superhero or an average individual, masculinity is always expressed in male Hollywood film characters, from Superman to Rambo to Terminator, the fundamentals of toughness, dominance and power are always the viewers heroes. Furthermore, machismo, in fact, seems to be the only reasonable and vital characteristic distinct to characters of major motion pictures. Contemporary filmmakers, conversely resshaped the cinematic interpretations of heros, this modern approach is considered to be an augmentation of masculinity since these heroes express more humane qualities, emotion and sensitivity while still poised with conventional toughness. The exemplification of such hybrid portrayal of masculinity is evident in Bruce Willis film Live Free or Die Hard. The motion picture Live Fast or Die Hard gives the hybrid depiction of a hero in John McClaines (Bruce Willis) persona. McClaines responsible yet femine character departs from the dogmatic and arrogant side of manliness. McClaines brawn elements, however, prove to be the only viable means to defeat his adversary, consequently, masculinity is portrayed to be valued and in turn advocates the ideology of male supremacy and patriarchy. The motion picture Live Free or Die Hard depicts John Mclaine at war with an internet based terrorist faction led by Thomas Gabriel (Timothy Olyphant). In erference to the films plot may urge a disturbing thought on the emasculation of the conventional cowboys stature in the American film industry. In this regard Live Free or Die Hard may address to this cultural ordeal as it serves as the contemporary guide on the retention of American ideas on the aforementioned character. The film begins with the establishment of the modern hybrid hero, where McClaine is shown as a veteran detective of the New York Police Department receiving a degrading treatment from non-ranking members. The principles of masculinity are epitomized by the law enforcing fathers over-protective nature results to a blatant display of masculinity when his daughter Lucy (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) is caught torridly kissing a guy in a car. The intimacy of the moment is interrupted when the young man tries to go to second base, McClaine then pry opens the door to apprehend the individual who is taking advantage of his daughter. McClaines knight-in-shining-armor routine, scares the male companion half dead as the latter is single-handedly pulled out of the vehicle. The subsequent scene bequeathes another panorama of the modern heros amlgamation. The supposed macho hero is then found chauffeuring a computer hacker, Matt Farrell (Justin Long) to Washington, a total contraband to the archetypal duty of a hero of saving such national nerds from national bullies. The total drift on the popular notion of heroism is not only on the supporting characters treatment of McClaine but on the plot as well, there are several conflicts in the film that only Farrell can resolve. It is also important to take notice of Farrells qualities; scrawny physique, rebellious attitude and in the fact that Farrell requires some saving every once in a while. There are, conversely, counter-villain moves that do not require the brain-bashing experties of McClaine, a very unorthodox execution of an action movie with an established character. Additionally, to add more insult to the injury of traditional masculine male heroes, Farrell gets to kill the last villain in the movie. The potential hybrid treatment of the hero is consequently transferred to the scrawny computer geek since he gets to battle the villains in the cyberworld, hence, this weak bodied geek gets to save the day. In this regard, the masculinity is now present in the person with the nerdy smarts.

Retailing in the Digital Age :: M&M’s World at Leicester Square

Introduction To expand the customers’ shopping experience and satisfaction, the atmosphere while they are shopping was necessary. The atmospherics were first founded by Kotler (1973) as an essential instrument to hold the shopping environment to produce the emotional effect on the customer buying decision. There are further studied to classify these. However, most of them were about the physical environment but after the 21st century, concepts of an online store were applied. Multiple channels are a concept of this era, to be the survivor retailers have to adapt themselves as well. This report contains the findings and analyses, which include the atmospheric variables, online retail environment, online retail atmosphere and opportunities and challenge of e-retailing. Findings and Analyses Atmospherics in term of Kotler (1973) definition are an important marketing tool that effect directly to the customer behaviour. Putting it simply, this is about the sensory effect atmosphere including sight, sound, scent and touch. This is also a part of the product that could effect to the consumer behaviour. To attempt and hold the specific segment of the target could increase the atmosphere in the store an increase buyers’ rate consumption thereby causing the increase of purchase probability. According to Turley and Milliman (2000), the behaviour of consumer could influence by the environment. From the study, there could come up with five categories that effect to the consumers’ evaluation and lead the behaviour response consist of external variables, general interior variables, layout and design variables, point-of-purchase and decoration variables and human variables as can be seen in figure 1. Figure 1: Turley and Milliman’s retail atmospherics framework Nowadays, the retail industry transitioned from brick-and-mortar to click-and-mortar retailing. As a result of developing on the Internet that has increased the flexibility for retailers to operate an online store in addition from their physical store. Moreover, the online channel also offers the benefit in selling products to the online shopper that value another customer segment (Ofek et al, 2010). Otherwise, the consumers’ behaviour in the era was not relying on one channel. They use relevant of technologies to search for an information in different ways, such as, read reviews from other customers, visit the physical store before purchasing online, finding the best price of purchase (Aubrey and Judge, 2012). This could illustrate that the customers use multi-channel for their purchase decision. In the 21st century, customers tend to be the multi-channel shopper that effect in the retailing industry.

Qualia, Robots and Complementarity of Subject and Object :: Philosophy Papers

Qualia, Robots and Complementarity of Subject and Object Jackson claims that a person who sees colors for the first time by this very fact acquires a certain knowledge which she or he could not have learned in a black and white world. This argument can be generalized to other secondary qualities. I argue that this claim is indefensible without implicit recourse to the first-person experience; also Nagel’s "what it is like" argument is polemically weak. Hence, we have no argument able to dismiss physicalism by consideration of first-person qualia (contra Jackson); however, it does not force us to endorse qualia-reductionism. In the second part of my paper I defend non-reductionism in a different way. Following Nagel and Harman, I try to avoid criticisms usually presented against Nagel, seeing subjectivity and objectivity as two complementary structures of the subjective and objective element of our language. I refer to classical German philosophy, phenomenology and Marxist dialectics which have developed a complementary approach cruc ial in the reductionist/anti-reductionist controversy in the philosophy of mind. "Opinion says hot and cold, but the reality is atoms and empty space." Democritus Jackson’s Black and White Mary (1) case illustrates an argument that our first-person experience of qualia provides knowledge not accessible through third-person means. This argument seems suspicious: if ‘knowledge’, by definition, needs to be grasped in third-person terms, it is inconceivable how an exclusively first-person experience may give us knowledge. Harman (92) develops complementarity of subjective and objective aspects within his functionalism of concepts. This notion needs to be extended to epistemic complementarity. I refer to Classical German Philosophy, Phenomenology and Marxism which have developed a complementary approach crucial in the reductionist anti-reductionist controversy in philosophy of mind. I. The Knowledge Argument As Jackson (86) emphasizes in his polemics with Churchland (85) the main point of the case of Black and White Mary is not that Mary cannot ‘imagine’ what it is like to sense red but that "she would not know" (2) how red things look. I accept this argument, but not the next step. Jackson argues: "But if physicalism is true she would know; and no great powers of imagination would be called for." (3) There are two versions of physicalism: the first, against which Jackson has something to say, maintains that every instance of knowledge can be couched in third-person language. (4) But the assumption that physical information is solely what "you can tell" is not a necessary condition of physicalism. Qualia, Robots and Complementarity of Subject and Object :: Philosophy Papers Qualia, Robots and Complementarity of Subject and Object Jackson claims that a person who sees colors for the first time by this very fact acquires a certain knowledge which she or he could not have learned in a black and white world. This argument can be generalized to other secondary qualities. I argue that this claim is indefensible without implicit recourse to the first-person experience; also Nagel’s "what it is like" argument is polemically weak. Hence, we have no argument able to dismiss physicalism by consideration of first-person qualia (contra Jackson); however, it does not force us to endorse qualia-reductionism. In the second part of my paper I defend non-reductionism in a different way. Following Nagel and Harman, I try to avoid criticisms usually presented against Nagel, seeing subjectivity and objectivity as two complementary structures of the subjective and objective element of our language. I refer to classical German philosophy, phenomenology and Marxist dialectics which have developed a complementary approach cruc ial in the reductionist/anti-reductionist controversy in the philosophy of mind. "Opinion says hot and cold, but the reality is atoms and empty space." Democritus Jackson’s Black and White Mary (1) case illustrates an argument that our first-person experience of qualia provides knowledge not accessible through third-person means. This argument seems suspicious: if ‘knowledge’, by definition, needs to be grasped in third-person terms, it is inconceivable how an exclusively first-person experience may give us knowledge. Harman (92) develops complementarity of subjective and objective aspects within his functionalism of concepts. This notion needs to be extended to epistemic complementarity. I refer to Classical German Philosophy, Phenomenology and Marxism which have developed a complementary approach crucial in the reductionist anti-reductionist controversy in philosophy of mind. I. The Knowledge Argument As Jackson (86) emphasizes in his polemics with Churchland (85) the main point of the case of Black and White Mary is not that Mary cannot ‘imagine’ what it is like to sense red but that "she would not know" (2) how red things look. I accept this argument, but not the next step. Jackson argues: "But if physicalism is true she would know; and no great powers of imagination would be called for." (3) There are two versions of physicalism: the first, against which Jackson has something to say, maintains that every instance of knowledge can be couched in third-person language. (4) But the assumption that physical information is solely what "you can tell" is not a necessary condition of physicalism.

How Texting Affects Our Life Essay

There is no denying that instant text messaging is very important in our live. Most of us could not even imagine our daily life without texting. This is the quickest and easiest method of communication, most popular among young people. Several years ago to suddenly organize with friends was quite difficult, especially when our friends lived in different part of the city. Currently we need only a few minutes to send them all messages in the blink of an eye to determine where and what we will do. Text massages helps us a lot, but seems to me that in some sense also limit our ability to conduct interviews in private. Some people use short messages to break out the relationship or even layoff someone from work. Texting is also changing the importance of grammar and correct spelling and the most importantly it easily distract us very quickly. People who use text messages often are more likely to lose the habit of conversation in private. When we talking with someone through text messages, our ability to decipher what they mean, the emotion in their words is curtailed. For example, when a teenage girl is receiving a text message from her boyfriend, which Includes words like: â€Å"I love you, I missed you†, etc., she might be exited, but she won’t be sure if that is sincere. But if the same words are spoken face to face, they will be able to decipher their body language and right or wrong intentions. Texting has also negative consequences when it comes to grammar and spelling, because people simply do not know how to write formally and accurately. Grammar, spelling, syntax, abbreviation, they do not matter anymore, which is why texting is more popular in the younger generation. For example, a teenager who is used to write informally is more likely to fail grade in formal writing exam. When a word from a text messages is used in an inappropriate situation, like business email, it may seem unprofessional or simply be interpreted as a lack of intelligence. The most important reason why I believe texting affect our lives is because it easily distracts us. When you are always trying to be in two places at  once, you are really not in neither. For example, if we are sitting in class, the teacher is talking, and someone’s phone goes off. Everyone looks around wildly and the person does all he or she can to try to silence the phone. Some may wonder who could text student during school hours, but most likely was another student texting to each other. That student tried to pay attention in class and at the same time text someone else. As a result he has learned nothing and scattered the attention of other students. Texting seems to be not harmful at first glance. However, after careful consideration of the topic is worth considering frequent use of texting. Subconsciously may be the cause of many unwanted and unnecessary problems.

Business Ethics in Latin America Essays

Business Ethics in Latin America Essays Business Ethics in Latin America Essay Business Ethics in Latin America Essay The business ethics climate in Latin America Written by Florien H. International Business Semester 2013 Course: Business Ethics The business ethics climate in Latin America A problem for international companies, taking Peru as an example! The Spanish saying: El queue no trans no banana. (One that doses t act unethical will not proceed), unfortunately describes best the prevailing immoral way of doing business in the Latin American region. Despite various approaches to achieve a mutual acceptance of those values among society, attempts were carried out neither tit economies of scope, nor state support. The efforts stayed in vain and even were adumbrated by corruptive example and bribery which are still considered as a form of remuneration. Though in Latin America business might follow different moral principles, ethics can be defined as a rigorous analytical business tool which applies least clarify those moral issues which typically arise in business (E. Sternberg; 1995). When going abroad, those distinct ethical values often blur and suddenly are inclined to appear as values in tension. For Donaldson, the key of acting ethical, when ongoing business outside your countrys borders, is a balancing act somewhere in between cultural relativism and ethical imperialism, always heeding human values. Considering the first extreme, no culture s ethics is better than any other and accordingly a relativist would always adapt the societys habits in which he currently operates. However this liberal attitude stumbles once the issue becomes more crucial. A cultural relativist would even accept a business action which violates human values. In 2010 Peru for instance was plagued by a major flooding. Especially he region around Mach Fichu, an area with a high proportion of tourists was affected. All roads and rails were impassible which neither made it feasible for tourists to leave, nor ensure the steady supply of aids from outside. The reckless business practices and impotence of the government led the shop-, restaurant-, and hotel owners to raise their prices, which compelled many tourists to sleep outside, being robbed, and suffering from hunger (BBC_news). Since cultural relativists would not collide with this business conduct, Donaldson calls them morally blind (Donaldson, 2003, p. 1 16). The second extreme, an ethical imperialist, would always direct the people to proceed as it is common in the home country. Antipathy to this behavior also sounds from the South American world: This cultural diversity raises very difficult philosophical questions, and some criticize the ethical imperialism that they perceive the US and Europe to try to impose on the rest of the world ( O. Shiplap-Pieta, 1995, A region in transition). The theory behind it is absolutism which entails three core problems: The first challenge is that the different cultures should always be respected although attitudes may differ from country to country. The second issue describes how people should demonstrate moral truth using only one set of concepts: We all learn ethics in the context of our particular cultures, and the power in the principles is deeply tied to the way in which they are expressed (Donaldson, 2003, p. 1 18). Finally, context must always shape practice, believing in a global standard of ethical behavior (Donaldson, 2003). Human values, which Donaldson describes as the minimum ethical standards that must guide manager s actions as a benchmark for all companies (Donaldson, 2003, . 21), always have to be respected and preserved. They include three core values: Firstly, the respect for human dignity by creating and sustaining a corporate culture, like the right for good health offered to every employee. Secondly, the respect, support and protection for basic human rights, like health, education and an adequate standard of living. Finally, good citizenship is essential to support and three serve as a moral compass for al l companies, formulating and evaluating standards of an ethical conduct. Although values, honesty, religion, and respect actually seem to be attractive heartsickness of the Latin American people, the image is besmirched by corruption, fraud, bribery, and the disparity of wealth distribution. Low ethical standards in the politics have had deep impact on individuals, organizations and the economic system (M. Radar, 1997, p. L). With an area of about 21 million square kilometers, and an estimated population of more than 590 million people, primarily speaking Spanish and Portuguese, the Roman Catholic dominated zone divides into 19 countries, with Peru being one of it. Despite a ninety percent proportion of this about religious denomination participating in religious orientated associations like UNIVAC, even Monsignor Oscar Rodriguez, the president of CLAM, the Latin American Bishop s Conference, expressed the church s anxiety about the distressing situation: Corruption has become a way of life in Latin America (C. Morsels, 1997, p. 7). The faith in the church s paradigms, especially in integrity the steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code (Defenestration. Com) and social responsibility, is regrettably often very distant and betimes leads to dichotomy. The excessive consumption, materialism and selfishness, prevailing in the relatively small upper layers of society, often clashes with real poverty, caused by a lack of education. According to Radar the aim should be to strengthen the religious formation in order to reach a larger proportion of the population and let their activities be guided by the resulting moral principles. Business desire for short-term gains and a corruptive environment, even practiced by state executives, is not despised as unethical but rather as an acceptable cultural habit. It seems as if irruption, presumably the most complex problem of the Americas, has struck deep roots through all layers of society (O. Shiplap-Pieta, 1998). Those unsounded economic policies endured and poor governance even made it worse by impairing the establishment of market competition. In 1995 corruption in Argentina, was believed to account for a proportion of 20 billion$ out of the total GAP of 300 billion$ (Ernest Garcia, 1995). Chile officiates as an example for the Latin world, a country which dedicates high importance to the promotion of private companies since the 1980 s. Those entities advance the responsibility of business ethics, not only among their company, but for the Chilean society as a whole. Oscar Shiplap-Pieta derives two objectives for a sustainable implementation of business ethics in the Latin American society, especially for Peru: First of all, it is extremely important to set high and solid standards of accountability, which go far beyond the minimal legal requirements, currently prevailing. Although clear rules and laws already exist, only a few regions in these countries enforce compliance. Complicity and connivance in equines are so common that in general the South American public profoundly distrusts business and government Following the lead of many political and business leaders, and acknowledge that many individuals from higher social classes go unpunished, many ordinary citizens of South American countries Justify unethical business ethics programs, especially for transnational companies, need to be implemented. Ninety percent of all Fortune 500 companies have codes conduct, and seventy percent have statements of vision and values, but don t stick to it in business (Donaldson, 2003, p. 24). Those can, opposed to the current opinion, offer a win-win situation thus the company will differentiate itself from the competition. Still one has to acknowledge that during the last decades exactly the Latin American region has undergone an impressive process towards democracy and fairness in politics and economics. Peru, the third largest country of South America is now, after a period of turbulence, making remarkable steps towards reforming its current political system and rise in both, the development and confidence in the business sector. It still holds true, that many business people find it imperative to recover the ultra and religious traditions and especially the young generation reveals a higher interest in fair business practices. Accordingly the number of students participating in ethic courses has been rising constantly (Russo/ SSTEagleburger, 2012). Further examples of organized initiatives for a moral renewal are the OAKS and its ratified sub-organizations, and a still very active meeting of businessman from all over the world, the Coax Round Table. All are constantly seeking for processes that identify shared values and perspectives on business behavior acceptable to and honored by al (Coax Round Table. Org). Although the attitude towards time is less rigid than in other cultures and Peruvians even distinguish between: la hoar persona and la hoar angles, Latino in general are known for their warmth and friendliness which they initially express by greeting with hugs and kisses. Muff may even be startled to have a Latin businessman hold your elbow while conversing, or walk down the street arm-in-arm (blob. Starchiness; 2012, The Touchy Feeling). Over time they actually care about your personality and try to develop an individual business connection of rust and intimacy. It is essential to understand the culture and adjust your expectations accordingly and soon you will find a very enjoyable place to do business in. In conclusion, Latin America has despite all positive development achieved, still a profound backlog of actually putting the theoretical bases into practice. Struggling with economic problems and corrupt political institutions, it appears difficult to change the founded habits of society. Examples like Chile and various associations fighting for a solid acceptance of core business values, combined with the honesty, elisions ties, and respect as the most significant properties of the Latin American people, will attract foreign companies respecting core values and promote a sustainable change towards a mutually accepted value system. Business Leaders. Its goal is to promote, in the light of the Christian Social Teachings, a vision and a deployment of Corporate Social Responsibility serving people and the common good of the World. (Univac. Org) the AS uses a four-pronged approach to effectively implement its essential purposes.

Evaluating the ESRB essays

Evaluating the ESRB essays Since 1994, Entertainment Software Rating Board ESRB had rated almost 10,000 video games and 400 online video games. This includes handheld games system to PC. With these ratings, the consumers allow themselves to choose wisely which games are suitable for them and their family. They also enforce the advertising guidelines and online privacy principles that the computer and video game industry should follow. With their strict rules and regulations, gaming companies had been obliged to let the board rate their games. They also make the developers to remove some parts of the game that is too much violent or not suitable for any gamers. The process of rating a game is like a jury duty. The board will select randomly people, who are not gamers themselves, to rate the game. They are given questionnaires and media equipment in order to give a detail explanations. Also, another three trained raters will rate and view the game. If both reviews coincide to each other, the board will issue a certificate with the appropriate rating symbol and descriptor. All of these informations are posted on the game box. The rating symbol is place on the lower left corner in front of the box while the descriptor is placed on the lower left corner at the back of the box. (ESRB Game Ratings) Most people do not like the boards rating process. In the recent years, murderous crimes were committed and linked to the games violent content. Most of these games are too detailed that it gives you an idea on how to kill a person. But why are these games exists in the store shelves? The board doesnt have the power to stop the developers on selling the game. They can be rated as M for mature, which means it is suitable for gamers from age 18 and above. In some countries, an external factor, like a department from a government, is used in order to abolish these games and stop selling them from the consumers. ...

Free Essays on Bid Peddling And Bid Shopping In The Construction Industry

Bid Peddling and Bid Shopping in the Construction Industry In this paper I will be discussion the effects of bid peddling and bid shopping on the different roles of those involved in the construction industry. I will touch on how prime contractors, sub-contractors, owners, and the design professionals are affected by this practice. A prime contractor submits a bid for a construction project based in part on bids that they have received from subcontractors for work associated with the job. To arrive at the bid figure, they use the lowest bid for each item of work on a project (regardless of who submits the bid, their experience, or reputation) and may then deduct a percentage of the total. To avoid having their bid shopped, subcontractors often submit their bids at the deadline. Once a prime contractor is awarded the contract, they return to the subcontractors and pressure them to knock down their prices in order to get the job. They call in all subcontractors that could bid, showing them the bid price less a percentage for each subcontract. They ask subcontractors to bid for the work with permission to use any means possible to achieve a lower price. Suggest they use all possible contacts with the owner and design professional to allow for changes (under the guise of "value engineering"). They repeat the ab ove steps using the lowest price received each time a subcontract is re-bid until all but one subcontractor drops out of the bidding or there appears to be no further reduction attainable. Prime contractor makes submissions based on the lowest bids received, using all means possible of obtaining approvals (including the threat of legal action). Many times, inadequate designs and scope bids can result in low-ball bidding, where contractors underbid their competitors, knowing that they will pressure the subcontractors to meet their cost demands later in order to get the work. In Bid Peddling, the rules are reversed. Subcontracto... Free Essays on Bid Peddling And Bid Shopping In The Construction Industry Free Essays on Bid Peddling And Bid Shopping In The Construction Industry Bid Peddling and Bid Shopping in the Construction Industry In this paper I will be discussion the effects of bid peddling and bid shopping on the different roles of those involved in the construction industry. I will touch on how prime contractors, sub-contractors, owners, and the design professionals are affected by this practice. A prime contractor submits a bid for a construction project based in part on bids that they have received from subcontractors for work associated with the job. To arrive at the bid figure, they use the lowest bid for each item of work on a project (regardless of who submits the bid, their experience, or reputation) and may then deduct a percentage of the total. To avoid having their bid shopped, subcontractors often submit their bids at the deadline. Once a prime contractor is awarded the contract, they return to the subcontractors and pressure them to knock down their prices in order to get the job. They call in all subcontractors that could bid, showing them the bid price less a percentage for each subcontract. They ask subcontractors to bid for the work with permission to use any means possible to achieve a lower price. Suggest they use all possible contacts with the owner and design professional to allow for changes (under the guise of "value engineering"). They repeat the ab ove steps using the lowest price received each time a subcontract is re-bid until all but one subcontractor drops out of the bidding or there appears to be no further reduction attainable. Prime contractor makes submissions based on the lowest bids received, using all means possible of obtaining approvals (including the threat of legal action). Many times, inadequate designs and scope bids can result in low-ball bidding, where contractors underbid their competitors, knowing that they will pressure the subcontractors to meet their cost demands later in order to get the work. In Bid Peddling, the rules are reversed. Subcontracto...

Elem Klimov's Dobro pozhalovat, ili Postoronnim vkhod vospreshchen Essay

Elem Klimov's Dobro pozhalovat, ili Postoronnim vkhod vospreshchen (Welcome, or No Unauthorised Admittance) is one of the - Essay Example In his last letter "Apogia" of a Madman, in essence, he recanted having said that Russian was the equivalent of a "headless horseman". The letters were written over a period of 5 years. There was a transitional change of thought as the dynamics of the country changed. He was highly influenced in how the Russian Elite interpreted his letters. He changed his analysis and philosophical thinking. The first part of this report will explain his philosophical thoughts in 1829 . The 2nd part of this report will explain the "Apogia" concentrating only on his change of philosophical thought. To conclude, the author will explain how a blank sheet of paper becomes a clean slate. Everything in this world can be taken from both sides. Comparing a country to a blank piece of paper is as though you are comparing a history book to empty pages. "Russia has given nothing to her people and to the rest of the world" As each western country went through the process of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, each developed individual cultures, languages and history. The Catholic Church was contingent on Western Nations succeeding. The Russian Orthodox Church kept the pagan customs and the superstitious ways. The control the Orthodox Church held kept the agriculture nation from advancing. Chaadeav expresses two different points of view which are somewhat contradictory. If Russia were such a backward nation and a "blank sheet of paper", how could she possibly be adept at opening up to the West. Russians have the energy and the will to succeed. "Only pure feelings can issue from this pure source" Each nation goes through a cultural, religious and a social renaissance, the Russians went from paganism to foreign domination. Russian history has nothing in common with the necessary development of a civilized country. He received incredible criticism for his opinion of the Russia Utopia. Peter the Great had done so much in the previous century. For a century all science, technology and architec ture came from Western Europeans. Personal development comes with organization of the nation. A country without her own personal history, is a body of land in chaos. The renaissance of each nation is the adolescence of the people. Russia has had no Renaissance and therefore was still considered a child who depended on his parents for survival. His analogy that Russia is unlike any nation which has no history which has no culture nor Renaissance leads to reasoning that the control the church had over Europe must have been a positive effect over the growth and development of the sciences and culture of the different nations. He is hard on his country. He never once mentioned the different needs of Russia and European countries. In Europe, the need of justice, and order was more prevalent as the cities were closer together and commerce had been established for centuries. The last letter is entitled an apology. If Russia put forth an effort due to her strong will, Russia had the potenti al to be a major player in the future. In this letter, he explains or recants that Russia could not go through the middle ages that Europe went through because of the level of social progress Europe had attained in the 18th century. Europe had lived through the Renaissance in Art, Music, Architecture and Literature. There was an advancement of science. Russia had a choice of assimilating the progress of the Renaissance or stay in the dark ages. Chaadaev used the example that Russia was a white piece of paper where he proposed a solution as

William Blake wrote of mind-forg'd manacles in his poem London Research Paper

William Blake wrote of mind-forg'd manacles in his poem London. Discuss at least two works' views on the responsibilities of individuals and the responsibilities of society - Research Paper Example In fear of the revolution spreading at home and overthrowing the government, the authorities were concerned about the radical sentiments that were harboring in England. The public response was much radicalized followed by the authoritarian response of putting restrictions in places. Blake’s reference to â€Å"mind-forg’d manacles† points towards the repression of free thinking which was put in place to restrict the freedom of radical thinking or speech. London subtly talks about freedom, uninhibited freedom, which assists the common man. The relationship between the society and the individual is of vital importance in the poem as Blake writes to describe the society-individual relationship in the social context, as though a social contract exists between the two. Two works that represent the responsibilities of the individual and the society are Boys and Girls by Alice Munro and The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas by Ursula Le Guin. This paper will seek to explain the responsibilities of the entities, society and individual, in the light of works by Munro and Le Guin. The manacles which Blake talks about is meant to represent a sort of physical restriction preventing free movement, which is used to explain the repressive laws that were implemented to inhibit the freedom of printing presses and publications. Most importantly, these manacles are placed on the mind to restrict free thinking to prevent any radical uprising. Very covertly, Blake has spoken about the social contract that exists between a society and an individual which directs the responsibilities of both entities so that they fulfill their expected tasks in a way that is beneficial for both. However, once the freedom of the common man is restricted by any means, there is sure to be a response. The society as an independent entity exerts pressure on the individuals, dwelling in its context, to show compliance to the agreed set of terms. Much of these implicit

Research, identify and discuss technologys influence on society, as Essay

Research, identify and discuss technologys influence on society, as well as at least three ways it has changed the way companies do business - Essay Example Satellite technology has become so advanced that these systems give companies such as Southwest and American Airlines the ability to understand specific cloud formations and make course adjustments in an instant. This improves efficiency and puts much less dependency on physical air traffic control agents. Satellite technology improvements also satisfy budget restrictions, thereby allowing all consumers to have the pleasure of receiving lower cost fares. Technology also influences society in the form of high energy physics. This type of physical science technology has improved medicine by accelerating efficiency of x-rays and photons to better track disease and cancer (HEP, 2010). High energy physics have also changed power transmission with utility companies, thereby giving consumers more reliable energy sources with much less loss of power. This technology has changed how utility companies do business by giving them long-term sustainable options for electricity transfer by burying cables and thus freeing the environment for more infrastructure and housing. Finally, technology has changed business and society in terms of physical medicine to improve patients and shorten reliance on physical hospital workers. For example, technological improvements now allow diabetes patients to monitor their own glucose levels and make informed decisions as to whether to inject or deny practical treatment. Self-monitoring devices are relatively new that no longer require painful regular injections and extensive blood extraction, thereby improving the quality of life for diabetes patients. This also frees up the labor pool for hospitals and independent clinics whereby doctors and nurses no longer have to staff as many individuals or can free up their activities for more important patient issues. These hospitals and clinics, thanks to technology, can provide support

Research skills assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research skills assignment - Essay Example In order to reach profitability, the dynamics of the consumers and specifically the market segment of the product must play a role. In this proposal, the modality of investigating the roles played by the pricing strategy is investigated. At a more specific level, the effect of reducing the prices of the commodity by 15% on the overall market share is reviewed. The impact of reducing prices could be varied and unknown depending on the specific nature of the market. With the emergence of capitalism, the levels of competition are bound to go very high in any particular sector. The result of this capitalism and competition is a decision to create a strategy that would outdo the competitors and increase the market share and customer loyalty. In porters five forces analysis, the factors that are considered are mainly to deal with the level of competition that is exhibited by the players in the sector or business that a firm is involved. Several dynamics play important roles that are related to the segmentation of the market. An important intervention is the inclusion of an intervention mechanism in terms of pricing. The pricing mechanism employed by a firm in its products can either be beneficial or disadvantageous depending on the reaction of the overall market. The price reduction strategy is aimed at creating a best possible position in order to make the products if the company more acceptable. Its effects on the market segment can be unknown. This paper seeks to provide research into the dynamics occasioned by the prize change of the Daz detergents in the UK market. Pickard (2012) explains aims and objectives in a proposal as the core issues to be resolved in a study. It claims that for a study to be conducted, the presence of an aim or objective is imperative and as such a study cannot exist without the same. The specific definition that this study gives is related to the

Application of Leadership Models in Schools Essay

Application of Leadership Models in Schools - Essay Example   A produce leadership method can be ineffective since a leader focuses on production and demonstrates a little effort to address concerns of other people. This factor goes against the ISLLC Standard 2 of developing an instructional program and school culture conducive to the staff professional growth and the students learning. The standard is violated because the principal does not nurture a program that facilitates learning and teacher`s professional growth. The Path-Goal Theory illustrates to a leader different ways to motivate subordinates in accomplishing the goals of the organization. The grid focuses on enhancing the performance of employees through focusing on factors that motivate them. The leadership styles associated with the path-goal theory include Supportive leadership where the leader focuses on demonstrating sensitivity to each person. Another form is the directive leadership where the manager communicates goals and assigns definite tasks to each. Participative lead ership involves a leader consulting with his subordinates and considers their expertise and ideas before deciding on the cause of action. The final style in the path-goal model is the Achievement-oriented leadership that makes a manager set high standards and challenging goals for his team (Practical Management, 2010). In a supportive leadership style, a school principal pays equal attention to every teacher and student as he tries to take care of all issues affecting their performance and well-being.  Ã‚  

Research skills assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research skills assignment - Essay Example In order to reach profitability, the dynamics of the consumers and specifically the market segment of the product must play a role. In this proposal, the modality of investigating the roles played by the pricing strategy is investigated. At a more specific level, the effect of reducing the prices of the commodity by 15% on the overall market share is reviewed. The impact of reducing prices could be varied and unknown depending on the specific nature of the market. With the emergence of capitalism, the levels of competition are bound to go very high in any particular sector. The result of this capitalism and competition is a decision to create a strategy that would outdo the competitors and increase the market share and customer loyalty. In porters five forces analysis, the factors that are considered are mainly to deal with the level of competition that is exhibited by the players in the sector or business that a firm is involved. Several dynamics play important roles that are related to the segmentation of the market. An important intervention is the inclusion of an intervention mechanism in terms of pricing. The pricing mechanism employed by a firm in its products can either be beneficial or disadvantageous depending on the reaction of the overall market. The price reduction strategy is aimed at creating a best possible position in order to make the products if the company more acceptable. Its effects on the market segment can be unknown. This paper seeks to provide research into the dynamics occasioned by the prize change of the Daz detergents in the UK market. Pickard (2012) explains aims and objectives in a proposal as the core issues to be resolved in a study. It claims that for a study to be conducted, the presence of an aim or objective is imperative and as such a study cannot exist without the same. The specific definition that this study gives is related to the

The Art of the Memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Art of the Memoir - Essay Example As a result, it became evident that at each and every step of the way, Mary came from a dysfunctional family that contributed to the negative thoughts and experiences that she witnessed (Karr, p 5). This is because the family is a stepping stone to the individual and what they turn out to be like in future. The feelings and expectations of each and every family are radiated and shown in the people that are in the family. If the situation in which they grew up dictates that they are passionate and successful this is as a result of what they were indoctrinated to as they were growing up. The author states that it is prudent for each person in the family to contribute to the positive outcome of everyone. This is because at each point, the contributions will count for something once they have grown up. Mary’s father should have had the capacity to stop drinking and netting violence on his family (Karr, p 12). This would have created an avenue for them to raise their children in a peaceful environment. The basic component in each and every society is mirrored in the families that they come from. This would have the capacity to ensure that the family grew up as a unit that was a combination of each and every factor that made them unique. This will be radiated with love, care and concern for each other. The Color of Water One thing that is clear is that image and general self worth is everything that defines the way one grows and sees themselves in the society that they are socialized. Individual identity is a crucial factor in each and every society. The McBride family had to face societal segregations. James father was segregated because he was black. This was mostly by the whites in the society. He went ahead and married a white woman (McBride, p 21). This symbolic act did not obviously augur well with her family and the rest of the black folks where they resided. The journey that James father took was one of resilience and stamina at each and every step of the way. He encouraged his wife to be proud of where she came from. The foundation of their church was a genuine representation of what they felt and stood for. In the memoir, the strength and resilience that James had to put up was a result of his upbringing. This encouraged him to fight for what he believed in and what he did not. This is exactly what his mother did to ensure that she raised them all despite the demise of their father (McBride, p 27). Life has so many instances and experiences that have the sole duty of being eye openers. They offer guidance on what should be done at each and every step of the way. This is the only way that life and what it has to offer can be experienced and enjoyed. The memoir offers the consolation that each and every experience has the duty of ensuring that it is possible to deal with the issues. The tribute from the son to his resilient mother is one that has the sole aim of offering inspiration to all the involved parties. The sole encourage ment comes from the fact that the differences that are witnessed in families set them apart in terms of uniqueness and societal perfection. Colors of the Mountain by Da Chen In my opinion, ‘Colors of the mountain’ is a beautiful memoir of the author, Da Chen, as he was growing up. The book reveals the sad childhood of the author as a young boy from the Mao Zedong Cultural Revolution in China (Chen, p 5). Personally, the memoir is very touching and fascinating because through the author’s story, we get to know about the fascinating history of the

Counseling Children in a Community Setting Essay Example for Free

Counseling Children in a Community Setting Essay This article deals with the effects of loss on children of both a primary and secondary nature. Events such as the death of a parent or friend and the resulting consequences can be difficult for a child to deal with, depending on what stage they are at developmentally. Other losses such as personal possessions, those resulting from abuse or a sudden change in a childs life can also be difficult (Goldman, 2004). The author also discusses, according to Piagets developmental theory, how children deal with loss. Younger children can often have trouble understanding why a loved one died may connect an event to the death that is not even related. Older children are curious as to the events and reasons for the loss, tending to seek answers as to why the death occurred. It is recommended that when speaking to children about death, an age-appropriate explanation should be used. Children need to have information that clearly defines specific type of death that has occurred, such as a murderer or an accident (Goldman, 2004). To help children effectively cope with a sudden loss, Goldman proffers several options that can be productive. Having a team that focuses on supporting the child can be very beneficial to bereavement counseling. This team has members from: the family, school and includes the counselor. The team assesses exactly what losses have occurred to the child and what developmental stage the child is at. Based on this information, the team can set up a plan for supporting the child (2004). Other methods that can be used to help the child include helping the family communicate about the death, support groups, play therapy and focusing on early intervention. The author stresses the importance of having an all-around knowledge of the circumstances and that considering the consequences that the loss will have on a childs whole life experience (Goldman, 2004). References Goldman, Linda. (2004). Counseling with children within contemporary society. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, Volume 26, no. 2, 168-187.

Up from Slavery Booker T. Washington, Summary

Up from Slavery Booker T. Washington, Summary The book Up from Slavery, is about a nine-year-old slave named Booker T. Washington who lived on a plantation in Virginia.  Booker T. Washington describes his childhood as a slave as well as the hard work it took to get an education. Booker T. Washington shares details of the changes he went through from a student to teacher.  He also outlines his experience as an educator and how helped with the development and opening of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Booker T. describes the progress of when Tuskegee started having classes small shacks to now having classes in new buildings. The last chapter, describes Booker T. career as a public speaker and civil rights activist. Booker T. mention the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 which made him well known nationwide. He ends his story with several acknowledgments he had received for his work which includes an honorary degree from Harvard.  In addition to, there were two significant people who made a visit t o Tuskegee, President McKinley and General Samuel C. Armstrong. Booker T. was a nationwide leader for the development of African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South. He pushed for the economic and industrial improvement of Blacks while helping Whites with voting rights and social equality. His mother was the plantation cook where they lived. It did not have glass windows and the doors barely hung on uneven hinges. There were large cracks in the walls that let in cold air in the winter and humidity in the summer. The floor was the stripped to the ground. Booker T. had no reminiscence of playing games or sports. He regretted it because he believed he would have been a more useful man if he had. However, because he was a slave he dedicated his life to work. He cleaned yards, carried water, and took corn to the mill. Moving corn to the mills was the hardest jobs he had ever done. While at work, Booker T. heard two men chatting about a school for African Americans people which would be opening in Virginia. Booker T. learned that not only was the institute famous, but openings were offered to help cover the cost of room and board and the students would be taught a trade. Booker T. felt like this could be a great chance. He was fixed on going to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. Booker T. left the salt mines to get a job at the General Lewis Ruffner, the owner of the mines. He wanted to continue to make money. General Lewis wife was a very strict boss. A lot of young men had quit or had got fired because they didnt meet her values.  Booker T. would walk around all night and beg for a ride until he had reached 82 miles to Hampton. He did not have any money to pay for a place to sleep so he walked around the city of Richmond until he found a place to sleep. Booker T. had saved enough money to reach Hampton. He believed he had a surplus of 50 cents. When he reached Hampton, he was impressed by the beauty of the school building. He believed that his life would have new meaning. He stood before the head teacher hoping to enroll but he didnt make a satisfactory impression on her. His clothes were dirty and his appearance was rough. The teachers at Hampton helped to provided Booker T. with fresh clothing because the institute had strict rules. All students attending had to have clean clothes and shiny shoes. Booker T. was also given an extra set of clothing that was sent in barrels from up North.  Booker T. slept in a bed for the first time that had sheets on them.  He was unaccustomed to sleeping on sheets for the first several nights. After watching the other boys for a while, he picked up on how to make his bed. Booker T. was one of the youngest adolescent boys in the school but that didnt stop his determination. Even as Booker T. att ended school at Hampton Institute, he learned a significant lesson about education that would be with him for a long time. One of the lessons was being clean was a vital part of a persons self-confidence. He also learned that even though if a person had an education, it did not put them directly above blue-collar labor. Booker T. believed education should be well rounded and that a people should learn to enjoy labor. He also learned to be more independent and valuable to others in his surroundings.  In addition to, Booker T. thought that people should not be selfless but lead by example. Booker T. Washington later take all his left lessons to the Tuskegee Institute where he became a principal. In the month of May, 1881, General Armstrong accepted a proposal from a group of philanthropists who recommended that the principal for the new school be an African American in the little town of Alabama which would be called Tuskegee. At the time of the request, people assumed that there would not be an African American man that would qualify for the position. Nevertheless, to the shock of the founders of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington was recommended for the position where he would be accepted at the school. Shortly after Booker T. Washington made it to Tuskegee, the founders and Booker T. agreed that the school would open on July 4, 1881, Independence Day. Booker T. thought the goal of the Tuskegee Institute would be the source for people who could work hard, learn a skill, and make a living. He also thought people should learn the meaning of hygiene and religion. Booker T. wanted the graduates to go all over the country and be a model to all they met.  Reading, wr iting and arithmetic was taught. But a greater value was placed on the skills and everyday living. Booker T. hope students would know that working as a laborer was not an embarrassment. As a part of all the students training, they were expected to do all the work at the institute. In 1893, Booker T. Washington married his third wife, Miss Margaret James Murray, who had graduate of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.  Portia his daughter was a dressmaker. She had a passion for music. Portia later was hired as an instructor at Tuskegee. His son Booker T., Jr. learned the brick masons trade. He wanted to become an architect one day.  Ernest, the youngest son wanted to be a doctor. He decided to gain experience in a doctors office. His biggest guilt was he couldnt spend more time with his family. Twenty years later, the Tuskegee Institute has incorporated a lot of land built by the student. All the manufacturing departments demonstrated skills that permitted students to get careers once they graduated at the institute. Washington died in 1915 as one of the most popular black men in the world. Booker T. had dinners with the President of the United States, as well as dining with royal families in Europe. Washington was an intellectual man who tried to do the best for African Americans. He wanted to have an education that would allow them to live ideal lives. A number of black leaders in America today, such as Alan Keys, hope to go back to Washingtons structure of educating the head, hand, and the heart. The Tuskegee Institute has improved since Washingtons time. While the school was built to help African Americans to learn a skill, it now supports students to earn a college degree. Washingtons assessment on integration consisted of living by example. Washington felt if black pe ople could demonstrate white people they could act sophisticated and be an asset to the community, all the races would finally get along. Washington felt like the government could make people like one another by making it legal. Washington believed African Americans had to prove themselves as equals.

Southwest case analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Southwest has made an organization out of providing low-fare, short haul routes between city pairs. It has concentrated specifically on offering low-fares on all of its flights by maintaining its no frills attitude and high frequency of flights. This has afforded Southwest Airlines with the lowest cost structure in the industry. Southwest has created a niche for itself by flying a network of flights between smaller U.S. cities that average just one hour apart. This has differentiated them from their competition and avoided many clashes with industry giants who concentrate more on coast-to-coast flights. Kelleher, who is the president, chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines is the companies single biggest asset and driving force. Kelleher runs the company very tightly and makes all the major decisions through a very centralized decision making process. This brings to light two potential problems. Firstly, how can a company such as Southwest airlines maintain such a centralized organi zation in the face of growth. Secondly, how is this company going to survive once Kelleher is no longer running it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem that Southwest Airline is facing, is how are they going to survive in an aggressive industry without Kelleher’s leadership. It is a significant problem as the company is a symbol of Kelleher. However, unlike the company, Kelleher has a limited life-span and therefore the company will likely outlive him. This problem therefore requires some urgency as the succession of Kelleher could be the airlines biggest problem. The consequences of Kelleher leaving could be that the company loses its corporate identity. Employees may not respond well to new management. Customers may perceive that the company will not be run in the same manner and will therefore lose its niche market. This could also apply to stakeholders, who will see the departure of Kelleher as a serious decrease in the value of the company. Competitors may also try to take advantage of the company during this unstable period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kelleher is the face of Southwest airlines, even going as far as starring in most of their TV commercials. He also personally maintains an excellent relationship with a virtually all-union workforce. He has single handedly given Southwest the lowest employees turnover rate in the industry. Kelleher’s personal motiva... ...with the reality of the firm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The implementation of this decision will require a marketing campaign that will be used to phase out Kelleher. The major resistance will be from the employees who will be fearful of new management. This will be addressed by the management team reinforcing the corporate strategies to the employees and reiterating the fact that Southwest airlines will remain the same company and the employees should expect things to stay the same. The ramifications of this plan is that power within Southwest could become to decentralized, therefore changing the core competencies of the firm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order for this plan to work it would require: Assembling a team to head the marketing campaign, restructuring of upper management, and decentralize decision making. The objective is to redefine and restructure the upper management in such a way that the loss of Kelleher is manageable. This plans effectiveness will be measured by employee and customer satisfaction throughout the transition. The project will be concluded when the new structure has been phased in and the reaction to Kelleher’s departure is under control.

Assessment & Grading in the Classroom Essay -- Teaching School Educati

Assessment & Grading in the Classroom Grading and testing is usually a mandatory part of teaching. Most schools let the teachers decide how and when to test, as long as the letters A, B, C, D, or F appears on a student’s report card. Teachers may not like the fact that some failing grades will have to be given, but as long as their way of grading is fair to every student, it is something that they will have to deal with. There are many methods of measuring a student’s ability to accomplish a task. However, many students freeze under normal testing procedures and may need to be evaluated in another manner. Also, it is important for teachers to understand fair grading procedures so students can best benefit from effective tests. By knowing the main ways of measuring student achievement, and proper formats for grading, students can be evaluated correctly. (Fairtest, 98) There are two main ways of evaluating a student’s work: objective tests and essay questions. Objective testing places emphasis on a precise, efficient focus on a student’s knowledge of defined variables (Kopeikin, 2000). That is, a teacher can use this format to measure a specific amount of a student’s knowledge. This can include multiple-choice, matching, true-false, and fill in the blank formats of testing. These kinds of testing are best used for checking whether students have learned facts and routine procedures that have one, clearly correct answer. In some subjects, carefully written test questions with planned outcomes can accurately distinguish students who grasp a basic concept from those who do not (Fairtest, 98?). With multiple-choice questions, a teacher can strategically place answer choices in a manner that will best evaluate what her students have... ...ridge, MA 02139. (1998). Multiple-Choice Tests. Retrieved March 11, 2004 from http://www.fairtest.org/facts/mctfcat.html FoCAL Points Issue 23. (2003). Assessment is Active Learning. Retrieved March 11, 2004 from Public Education Network website: http://www.publiceducation.org/pdf/FocalPoints/Assessment_Is_Active_Learning.pxxxxdf Kopeikin Ph.D., Hal S. (2000). Evolution of Objective Testing Retrieved March 11, 2004, from http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/~kopeikin/121lec14.htm National Capital Language Resource Center NCLRC 2011 Eye St, NW Suite 200, Washington D.C. 20006. (1997). Portfolio Assessment Retrieved March 11, 2004 from http://www.nclrc.org/portfolio/6-5.html Trice, Ashton D. (2000) A Handbook of Classroom Assessment. United States: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Woolfolk, Anita (2004) Educational Psychology. 9th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Speech Outline on Ocd

Informative Speech Outline Obsessive Compulsive Disorder I. Attention Getter A. Show Obsessive Compulsive Disorder clip from you tube. http://www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=sZYRVwjv1ws II. Background A. 1 out of every 100 adults suffers from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and even more are affected by its symptoms. B. Living with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can be so severe and time-consuming that it literally becomes â€Å"uncontrollable and disabling to your life and can cause you to have a low quality of life because the disorder controls your days. Mayo Clinic)† C. It’s difficult to live with someone or a family member who has Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as I can speak from experience. III. Thesis A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a disorder that makes an individual have an obsession with organization, rules, and or perfection which causes them to have a specific way of doing things in everyday tasks. Transition: Today I will be talking abo ut three main factors to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder IV. Main Points A.Symptoms B. Causes C. Treatment Transition: I would first like to discuss the symptoms to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. V. Body A. Symptoms: Those who have obsessive compulsive disorder have obstinate obsessions and use compulsions to control the anxiety these contemplations create. 1. The typical obsessions of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are the need for order, neatness, exactness, symmetry, fear of causing harm to another, fear of being embarrassed, fear of germs. 2.The most common compulsions a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder deal with in their daily life are listed as constantly ordering certain objects, straightening and cleaning things, repeatedly washing hands, refusing to touch doorknobs or handles, refusing to shake hands, and repeating certain phrases, words, or prayers. Transition: Now that I have told you about the symptoms of OCD, I will inform you on the causes. B. Causes: Researches have yet to determine an exact cause of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Through studies they have found two factors that are primarily the common causes. 1.An individual’s physical environment commonly causes Obsessive Compulsive-Disorder. The stresses of life, a death in the family or close friend, or an abusive relationship or childhood can all cause and make the severity of the disorder inferior. 2. Experts believe through studies biological factors are a common causes to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. WebMD states, â€Å"Brain scans of people with OCD have shown that they have different patterns of brain activity than people without OCD and that abnormal functioning of circuitry within a certain part of the brain (striatum) may cause the disorder. â€Å"WebMd†)† Transition: To finish I would like to discuss the methods of treating OCD. C. Treatment: There is treatment for those who suffer from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, but unfortunately many individuals who have this disorder refuse to seek treatment and will often deny they have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. 1. Counseling is one recommended and common treatment. The most effective type of counseling is a type of cognitive-behavior therapy called exposure and response prevention.It consists of exposing the individual to the obsession that causes anxiety, starting from moderate to extreme. 2. Medicines are the second alternative and common treatment to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Antidepressants are often prescribed to treat OCD and are proven to be the most effective. Individuals are monitored on the effectiveness of the prescribed medication, and results determine will determine the increase of dosage or the change of prescription. VI. ConclusionIn conclusion, there are many individuals who have minimum cases where they don’t realize they have to disorder and have little effect to severe cases where it causes an effect on individuals to have a negative relationship with family, friends, and acquaintances. I hope you gained new knowledge about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and its symptoms being obsessive and compulsive, the causes being environmental and biological, and treatments being counseling and medicines.You may realize you know more people with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder than what you have thought you knew of, or that you may potentially have a minor case of OCD that you did not realize before now. OCD is a common disorder many Americans are challenged with every day, and it’s important to be aware of it for those who do not have it to help better understand those who do have it, and for those who do have OCD to seek help and get the disorder under control.Works cited Mayo Clinic, Staff. â€Å"Obsessive-compulsive disorder . † Mayo Clinic. Health on the Net (HON), 10 Aug 212. Web. 12 Feb 2013. . â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . † WebMd. Healthwise, 21 Jun 2010. Web. 12 Feb 2013. . Robinson, Lawrence, Melinda Sm ith, and Jeanne Segal. â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . † HelpGuide A Trusted Non-Profit Resource. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Feb 2013. . Walker, Rachel, dir. OCD. 2008. Web. 17 March 2008. .

Henry VII and Retaining Essay

Retaining involved magnates taking men into their service, generally involving the payment of fees and sometimes the granting of a distinctive badge or uniform (livery). This practice served the king, in that it allowed him to recruit armies more easily, by making contracts with leading magnates who then provided their retinues for service with the king’s army for a specified time. However, it did allow magnates to retain what were, in effect, ‘private armies’ and, at this could be very detrimental to public order. Thus, kings grew increasingly concerned to control the practice. The major statute of the fifteenth century which tried to limit it was Edward IV’s statute of 1468. This outlawed some forms of retaining, but implicitly allowed others by stating (vaguely) that no unlawful retaining was allowed. In practice, retaining continued after Bosworth. Henry VII’s Attempts to Control Retaining In 1486, Henry persuaded both Houses of Parliament to take an oath promising that they would not retain unlawfully. In all, Henry’s parliaments passed four acts relating to retaining, but three of these did little to change the position that had existed since 1468. According to Chrimes, Henry wished to maintain the practice of retaining, but ‘only so that he himself got the benefit of it for his own purposes’. Chrimes also noted that he sought to repress it ‘insofar as its practice by his subjects redounded to the public disadvantage and the corruption of public order’. Thus, Henry never intended totally to end the practice of retaining, but he did intend to control it. The most significant of Henry’s acts relating to retaining was 19 Henry VII c.14 (1504), which stated that retaining, other than of household servants, was illegal. According to Cameron, this act represented the first occasion  upon which the right of a nobleman to retain was called into question. The act did, however, allow Henry to grant licences to individuals to retain. There are few examples of such licences, but recent research suggests that they were granted to crown stewards and other officials entrusted with the management of royal estates. Prosecutions For Illegal Retaining There were a number of prosecutions before the court of King’s Bench for illegal retaining under Henry VII, e.g.: 1491 – Sir Nicholas Vaux prosecuted for illegally retaining 5 men 1504 – the earl of Northumberland was indicted for illegal retaining (the case was dismissed) There were also some high profile cases later in the reign, e.g. involving the prosecution of Henry’s ally, the earl of Oxford and Lord Burgavenny, who was heavily fined in 1507 for keeping an illegal retinue in Kent (Burgavenny had a long history of violent disorder in Kent).

Directors liabilities and duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Directors liabilities and duties - Essay Example The liability of the directors for statements in reports has also been covered in the new regime. The objective of this study is to bring out the salient aspects of liabilities and duties of the directors as set out in the current regime of Company Law legislation. The objective of this chapter is to present an overview of the topic chosen for study as well as the aims and objectives of the research. The chapter also details the structure of the paper to have a comprehensive understanding of the text of the report. However it is not possible to limit the functions of the company only to the above as there are number of other areas to which the scope and application of the company law legislation can extend. Moreover these functions as well as any other functions have associated costs and benefits. Hence it can be stated that the role of the company law is to maximize the benefits while minimizing the costs of implementation of the various provisions. It is also necessary that these key policy choices are examined within the context of the relationships that might be formulated between the various parties with which the company law legislation deals with. Illustrations of these

State Judicial Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State Judicial Systems - Essay Example This is because helmets are said to reduce the number of brain injuries, lower the risks of cervical spine injury which can lead to paralysis and death when an accident occurs. Almost eighty percent of all motorcycle crashes lead to injuries or death. Head injury is the leading cause of these deaths (Gostin, 2008). However, in as much as there are many advantages of using a helmet, some few people, especially women passengers will not want to use it because of the fear of messing their expensive hairstyle. Skin deceases may also spread as a result of these helmets, but these few issues should not blind us from curbing the main cause problem which is death. When this bill will be passed into law, the law will influence people to use helmets and therefore reduce motorcycle fatalities. A bill requiring corporations that produce food or beverages for public consumption to place warning labels on products known to contain cancer causing agents should be passed into law. This should be in accordance to The Safe Drinking and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 which states that the warning must be placed on products containing lead and other hazardous substances found to cause cancer, birth defects and reproductive harm (Gostin, 2008). These warning labels will enable people to avoid those products that they perceive to cause problems with their health. In as much as most corporations will see this as a way of reducing their sales, the citizens of the nation have the right to correct the information. They should also make free decisions without influence from deceptive advertisement. The bill requiring couples to undergo twelve hours of psychological counseling before being given a marriage license is a good bill. Counseling to couples is important because it will open up their eyes on what is expected of them in marriage (Gallo, 2004). However, this bill can be inconveniencing to some people. Twelve hours of counseling is a lot of time and

The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World - Essay Example When they laid him on the floor they said he'd been taller than all other men because there was barely enough room for him in the house, but they thought that maybe the ability to keep on growing after death was part of the nature of certain drowned men. He had the smell of the sea about him and only his shape gave one to suppose that it was the corpse of a human being, because the skin was covered with a crust of mud and scales. They did not even have to clean off his face to know that the dead man was a stranger. The village was made up of only twenty-odd wooden houses that had stone courtyards with no flowers and which were spread about on the end of a desertlike cape. There was so little land that mothers always went about with the fear that the wind would carry off their children and the few dead that the years had caused among them had to be thrown off the cliffs. But the sea was calm and bountiful and all the men fitted into seven boats. So when they found the drowned man they simply had to look at one another to see that they were all there. That night they did not go out to work at sea. ... ed that the vegetation on him came from faraway oceans and deep water and that his clothes were in tatters, as if he had sailed through labyrinths of coral. They noticed too that he bore his death with pride, for he did not have the lonely look of other drowned men who came out of the sea or that haggard, needy look of men who drowned in rivers. But only when they finished cleaning him off did they become aware of the kind of man he was and it left them breathless. Not only was he the tallest, strongest, most virile, and best built man they had ever seen, but even though they were looking at him there was no room for him in their imagination. They could not find a bed in the village large enough to lay him on nor was there a table solid enough to use for his wake. The tallest men's holiday pants would not fit him, nor the fattest ones' Sunday shirts, nor the shoes of the one with the biggest feet. Fascinated by his huge size and his beauty, the women then decided to make him some pants from a large piece of sail and a shirt from some bridal linen so that he could continue through his death with dignity. As they sewed, sitting in a circle and gazing at the corpse between stitches, it seemed to them that the wind had never been so steady nor the sea so restless as on that night and they supposed that the change had something to do with the dead man. They thought that if that magnificent man had lived in the village, his house would have had the widest doors, the highest ceiling, and the strongest floor, his bedstead would have been made from a midship frame held together by iron bolts, and his wife would have been the happi est woman. They thought that he would have had so much authority that he could have drawn fish out of the sea simply by calling their names and that

Doing the assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Doing the assignment - Essay Example This trend is exemplified by Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler 1 in which the United States Supreme Court held that antitrust disputes arising from international contracts are arbitrable. The court reached this conclusion against the background of a long line of U.S. cases that considered antitrust law fundamental to the ideological and economic integrity of the United States. 2 Underlying the Supreme Court’s decision in Mitsubishi was the presumption that the arbitrators in the case would respect the imperative provisions of the U.S. Sherman Act (which embodies U.S. antitrust principles), despite the fact that the applicable law in the case was Swiss Law. It thus seems that the increasing acceptance of international arbitration as a legitimate alternative to litigation implies an expectation on the part of States that arbitrators will, like judges, respect the basic notions of justice and in appropriate cases apply the mandatory provisions of relevant laws. It is one thing to grant parties the power to organize their dispute resolution process in a manner compatible with their objectives; it is a different matter to suggest that parties to an international arbitration are entirely free from the demands of public policy and fundamental provisions of relevant laws. 3 The integrity of international arbitration and its endurance as a viable alternative to litigation would seem to rest on arbitrators’ continual respect for public policy of States whose legitimate interests are implicated in arbitration disputes. Arbitrators therefore have to balance their respect for the autonomy of the parties’ will with the need to apply mandatory provisions of laws that are relevant to the dispute. In this chapter, we will examine the impact of mandatory rules in resolving the merits of a dispute before international arbitrators. The problem posed by mandatory rules in international arbitration will be put in perspective by

Alchohol as a Fuel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alchohol as a Fuel - Essay Example The burning characteristics of methanol entail bright blue flame. Methanol is also a colorless liquid, which is very volatile. The odor of methanol is unique and distinctive. The burning characteristic of methanol is bright white flame (Yant, 2012). The paper also studies the physical effects between ethanol and methanol. Ethanol is the main ingredient of fermented beverages and also distilled alcoholic drinks. People who ingest ethanol experience the intoxication feeling. However, the consumers of ethanol can vomit or suffer from alcohol poisoning after taking large volumes of the substance. On the contrary, methanol must never be inhales, ingested or contact the skin. Small doses of the substance are very harmful. Ingesting small doses can highly cause blindness, and in worse scenarios be fatal. Ethanol is used in the production of alcoholic beverages. This is due to its intoxicating effects. The substance is also utilized as a category of alternative fuel. The alternative fuel is mainly produced using sugarcane and corn by products. Specially designed cars, mostly in the United States, utilize approximately 85% ethanol fuel. Ethanol fuel is also used in rocket fuel. Antiseptic characteristics of the substance ensure its usage in the production of hand gels and antibacterial wipes. Ethanol is a god solvent, hence greatly used as a base for different categories of paints and perfumes (Smith & Snyder, 2008). On the other hand, methanol is mainly used in the generation of other chemicals like formaldehyde. The substance is very desirable as fuel for the stunt and race vehicles. This is because it is not as flammable as gasoline, and water can distinguish its flame easily. Small quantities of methanol are used in the manufacture of denatured alcohol, plus also the production of solvents. The two substances react differently with water. Ethanol and water easily combine to produce homogeneous solution; hence miscible in water. But methanol

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay Example for Free

Acid- Base Titration Lab Essay 1. When the end point is reached in an acid-base titration, the relationship between the concentrations of OH- and H3O+ are that they are equal. This doesn’t mean that the pH will be neutral, but the concentrations of both will be the same in a titration. 2. The pH of the end point is determined by what kind of indicator is used to indicate when the end point I reached. In this experiment, phenolphthalein was used. It shows a color change in the presence of a base, which means that our solution had to be slightly basic for it to turn a pink-purple color. So, the type of indicator used for the experiment will overall determine the pH of the end point because some indicators turn a different color in the presence of an acid and others in the presence of a base. 3. Regardless of the amount of water that is used to dissolve the unknown acid, the amount of moles would not change. This is because when you are diluting a solution, you are affecting the volume of the solution, but not the number of moles present in the solution. So, in this experiment when 40cm3, 35 cm3 and 45 cm3 could have been used to dissolve the unknown acid and the number of moles would not be different. 4. If the unknown acid ad been diprotic, then the mole-to-mole ratio between the acid and NaOH would have been 2:1, the molarity and normality would have been 0.180, the number of equivalents would have been two and not one, the number of moles of the unknown acid would have been 0.0090mol instead of 0.0045mol, and the molar mass of the acid would have been 220. Therefore, if the unknown acid had been diprotic everything would have been doubled. Conclusion: In this experiment, an acid-base titration was used to determine the molarity of a NaOH solution, the number of moles of NaOH that reacted with a different unknown acid, and the molar mass of this unknown acid. This was done by making the concentrations of 0.10M HCl and NaOH equal to determine the molarity of NaOH which is 0.091M. We then found that 0.0045mol of NaOH reacted with a different unknown acid by using the molarity of NaOH and the volume of NaOH that we used to titrate with the unknown acid. Since the mole-to-mole ratio of NaOH and the unknown acid were 1:1, we could use the same number of moles, 0.0045mol, for the acid to determine if molar mass. This was completed by using 0.0045mol and the mass in grams of the acid we used, which was 0.983g. By doing this we discovered that the molar mass of our acid was 220. By doing an acid-base titration

Studying The History Of Workflow Management Systems Information Technology Essay

Studying The History Of Workflow Management Systems Information Technology Essay 1. Introduction In this seminar, I would like to introduce the history and definition of workflow management system. In that, we can classified the workflow into several. Then, standard and types of workflows. Beside that, I also introduce the advantages of using workflow management system. Other than that, I also introduced one of the collaborative system which to assist in workflow management system, that is document management system. I will briefly discuss the history, definition and advantages of systems and usage of the system to help in workflows systems and related to document management. In groupware. I will introduced the history and definition of it. Furthermore, I will discuss about the area and levels of groupware with its advantages. I will linked and identified how do they work together to deliver a well manage workflow from different level of lecturer and staff in developed the new course and its details. 2. Workflow management system 2.1 Introduction In 1980 ago, most of the companies and customers were seen an crisis and obstacle. It was because of the structure of organization were very inflexible and slow to response the new requirement from the markets and customers. As the market become international, the competition between organizational increased rapidly. To overcome and increased the power of competition, organization need to changes their organization structure to faced the new requirement from market. Because of these challenges, computer sciences industry have to created and develop a new information communication technology to suited the new requirement of markets. So the workflow technologies was developed in early 1990 was an leading to the new trend of computer industry. Workflow management systems is comes from the word workflow, which means that is sequence of jobs/ operation to distribute to a person or a groups of people on a simple or complex works. It may also delegate a small portion of big task to distribute , work split to others people for controlling purposes. The most common described the flow refer to the document that is being transferred from one to another. For more detailed, workflow is an activity that can described the information flow, process of work and organizational structure such as functions and hierarchies into a work process. (Wikipedia, 2010) 2.2 History In 1990s, workflow management system was created based on workflow process and business rules. The main purpose of the creation is to resolved the paper-based task with electronic process. At the end of 1990s, the workflow management system was created with additional function like modelling tools, business rules process and others. But in year 2005, Microsoft was created windows workflow foundation to replaced the original workflow with others functionality like BPM (Business Process Management). (Wikipedia,2010) 2.3 Definition In workflow management system, they are different module to run the business process. For example, document images processing, office system and transaction processing was build during these trend. From the beginning, the system is more concerned about storing, retrieving and tracking the data and information. Later, the system will more emphasized on office system which e-mails will become the core module to communicated for workflow system to exchange files and documents among them. In workflow management, there can divided into four generation (see figure 1). In first generation of workflow management system, the system is more focusing on e-mails exchange and document management. Then in next generation, the workflow process are tailorable through coding. Third generation, the systems have the standard architecture then can fully supported with third party tools. In fourth generation, the systems can fully supported with e-mail exchange, workflow process management etc. WORKFLOW1.JPG (61753 Byte) Workflow management systems is a computer system that manage multiple tasks in an organisation to produce output to others. It allow us to define workflows for work of processes or types of jobs. Example, in a manufacturing company, the product of design document may from designer then pass to technical people to production engineer. In every stage of workflow, every individual is responsible for their specific task and jobs. When the task is completed, the workflow management system will make sure that people that in charge of the task are notified and the information they need to process in their own stages. Its also help to eliminate redundant jobs and others uncompleted task are followed up. This called dependencies, means the system required the dependencies of every completion tasks. Others function of workflow management systems is using to replacing paper document transfer (paperless). (Kà ¤mpf and Großmann. 2006). 2.3.1 Classification of workflow management system There are 3 classification types of workflow management system, that is production workflow, ad hoc workflow and administrative systems. Production workflow Production workflow are the predefined job, tasks to be process or need additional steps. For as example, in the claims of car accidents, they will involve several basic steps (identifying the parties involved, log the police report and confirm with the agent of policy coverage) and additional steps (handling bodily injury, compensate of property, repairing of the car). Production workflow dedicate the process and maintain the productivity. Ad workflows Ad hoc workflows are through discussions and created new thing for each workflow. Ad workflows always use e-mail to carry out the work. In example of groupware, everyone need to collaborate to create or work on new design on a new product. Administrative workflow Administrative workflow are combination of ad hoc and production workflows. Means that the flow is pre-defined (e.g. approval of expense report) and they will use e-mail to communicate with others. This work is normally used by administration for example of travel claims. (Kà ¤mpf and Großmann. 2006). 2.3.2 Standardization The following diagram will specified the standard for Workflow Management Coalition(WIMC) which included characteristics, functions and interfaces. WORKFLOW2.JPG (48021 Byte) by Shegalov, Gillmann, and Weikum (2001) Refer to figure 2, the standardization of workflow are exists in three level. The first levels is how the workflow fit all the process together. Second level is abstract specification means that what the data of function needed. Third level is the details of how the function implemented using the tools. Refer to figure 2, there are five Application programming interface (API) surround with workflow engine. The API is functional as interact and communicate between clients and workflow engine. Process definition: This is the process which will involved the workflow and allocated the resources example: system and people to execute the jobs. Client interface: This interface which the workflows will involved by software. Involved applications: This interface involved the workflow software like example: document management system, email system and document imaging system. External workflow services: This interface is deal with external workflow of the company or others companies. Administration and monitoring : This interface is functional as admin and monitor of all the workflow being executed. These five interface become the minimum standards for workflow system. It is very important to having system architecture to cope with existing environment and implemented it with others business related companies. (Kà ¤mpf and Großmann. 2006). 2.3.3 Types of workflows There are two types of workflows. Sequential workflow Sequential workflow style is execute set of process and activities sequentially or one followed by another. There are no return to previous flow if required. For example figure 3. http://i.msdn.microsoft.com/Ee231606.SP_Sequential(en-us,VS.100).png Figure 3 State machine workflow State machine workflow is combine of state, actions and others. These workflow usually complex and may return to previous flow if required. For example figure 4. State Machine Workflow Figure 4 (Msdn, 2010). 2.4 Advantages of Workflow Management System 2.4.1 Improve productivity There are many advantages of using the workflow management system. One of the advantages is it can help the organization to improve their productivity. Before it, the workers will spend a lot of times on doing the manual tasks for example to approve the clients changes on their details on paper works. This will waste lot of man power, times, resources and money on this dummy works. Furthermore, it will slow down the organization performance and risk the development of it. With the system, every things can doing on split of eyes. When there are changes of the details, staffs can send e-mails to their supervisor to approve the changes rather than paper work. 2.4.2 Visibility It also important to let manager having visibility on the business workflow. For manager, it is responsible for them to understand the whole workflow of department. If there are any happen with business critical processes, he will identified it and take appropriate steps to overcome it. For example, in the shipment department, there are lot of wrong shipment to destination. Manager may easily identified which flow are causes the mistakes. 2.4.3 Faster change to business reaction Besides that, it allows the organization to having faster business reaction to change. In the organization, top management may change organization business flows or business process reengineering to react to market changes. For manager, they may quickly change it through process modification on workflow system. Example, if customers pay the bills for abnormal transaction by using credit card, operator of credit card company may call the card owner to verified the transaction to avoid fraud. 2.4.4 Accountability For manger, it can improve accountability skills. Manager have overview and understanding of process, it can help him to allocate resources and man power to which processes are more necessary. This may reduce wasteful of resources on focus to other major process. Example, manager may identify administration department need lesser staffs compare to accounting department. So, he can switch some staffs to accounting department to improved productivity rather waste resources or terminate the staffs. 3. Electronic document management system 3.1 History From year 1980s, there are lot of IT people began to develop a system to manage the paper-based document and images of a company to reduce the yearly huge expenses on paper. Later, they created the first system called electronic document management (EDM) system to managed those document that created by computers. It also known as document imaging systems, because the main function were capture, storage, and retrieve the file. It also help the organization to capture faxes and save document as images. (Wikipedia. 2010). 3.2 Definition Electronic document management system is a kind of computer software to organized and manage electronic document. For example, word processing documents, image, spreadsheets and others. The document which users can change and store the document in electronic form or images for the purpose of retrieving, sharing, distributing, version control, workflow management. Document management system will require scanner to convert the document to digital form for storing. (Wikipedia. 2010). 3.3 Function of electronic document management system In electronic document management system, there are few major function to manage the document: Data recording and storage both in document and out document are required to tagged with date and time of last accessed. Capturing documents when scanner scan the images of hard copy document into electronic formats, it will stored it in database for easy storage and flexible retrieving the document. Document retrieval the system make the document retrieve more easily by clicking some button rather than search it in cabinet. Create indexes system can help to organize document by create indexes to uniquely identified each group of document and save time for searching. Version control system able to keep track multiple version of same document to manage and store multiple version of data to system. (Marc, B. 2010). (Bestpricecomputers. 2010). 3.3 Advantages of Electronic Document Management System 3.3.1 Reduced storage spaces The storage document in an organization always is an big issues for them. If the organization which exist more than 10 years, it will be a huge amount of documentary in organization. By scanning those documents and store in DMS system can reduce a large amount of paper storage. Beside of that, it also help the organization to reduce cost of storage to store documents. 3.3.2 Prevent lost files In an organization, it is very common that a document can lost it easily without having a well organized storage. Lost of documents is an loss for an organization and need time to replace it. Furthermore, hardcopy of records which retrieved from storage, may lead to loss because others may getting the same file. With DMS, the image of the document will store in the server and can view by others without losing and damaged. 3.3.3 Improved security DMS can provide a better security, flexible to access on document level based on the level of groups and people. Documents that store in DMS are required authentication and access code to view and modify the documents, it also eliminate the unauthorized people to access confidential documents. Example, in an organization, staffs are need password and username to access groups of document instead of easily get the document stores in cabinet without any authorization checking. Furthermore, DMS can provide audit function of who, when and which documents being access by staffs. 3.3.4 Controlled and improved distribution Documents imaging are easily distribute to colleagues and staffs by e-mail and web instead of photocopy to share. This provide cost saving by reducing organizations paper document for example printing and postage which with hard copy documents. 3.3.5 Flexible retrieval Keeping the softcopy version of documents in DMS system is better against hardcopy document. It is because that, it more fast to retrieve the records compare to searching in cabinet to get the records. Staffs can spend lesser time to get the records in their own table without leaving. 3.3.6 Version control Documents are stored in network can be changed by users without changing history. Document management system require documents to be checked out first for change and check in to save changes into database. It can view the entire history of documents of who and when to modified the documents. 3.3.7 Reduced costs When implemented the system, we can reduced a lot of unnecessary paper works cost on it especially for TAR college with huge amount of students intake and lot of lecturers. (Content Manager. 2008). 3.3 Critical evaluation In TAR college, it is emergent need for the document management system (DMS). The reason is to reduced the documents spaces. For TAR college which are big education institute with approximated 6000 people intake every year, there must be a huge amount of studentss details and documents of it. The space need to stored, managed and categories these students will be a headache problems for staffs. Beside that, lecturer may have document sharing as discussion on new course development. Loss of documents will be an norms for bad practices on document management. In TAR college, with large amount of document and lecturer works. It will easily loss their document if impropriate managed and storing due to . Those information are valuable to them and time consuming to replace it. Example, record of students or evaluation on course developed. Beside that, with DMS, the documents and information are securely been stored in it. Someone is needed password to access certain documents. This to prevent unauthorized staff and lecturer to access some highly confidential and students details or financial documents to protect privacy and prevent disclosure those information to third party. Example, normal staffs may not easily get the financial report from finance department. The results from discussion of course developed is essential to keep its version control. This is to make sure the workflow of it is well managed under DMS. Without it, it is easily mess up with older version results and produced inaccurate discussion and results based on old version discussion. Other than that, with DMS, staff and lecturer may easily to retrieve the information by clicking some button rather than physically go to other department to retrieve it from cabinet. Example, lecturer reference some course details from course development department. In Extending Document Management Systems with User-Specific ActiveProperties journal. The author stated out 4 problems of traditional document management system. That is file documents, manage document, locate documents and share documents. -For file documents: it reflects that particular documents are relevant to multiple activities and department. Example, travel plans are relate to budget decision and scheduling with the department of accounting and HR. -For manage file: the administrative function of documents according to demands of user needs. -For locate documents: documents may filed to one criterion but retrieved according to another, because cannot define the cross-cutting set of categorization to group of documents. -For share documents: organization may not know that particular document is relevant to people or need of their groups of people. Groupware History Groupware was introduced by a people Richman and Slovak in 1980. They say that Like an electronic sinew that binds teams together, the new  groupware  aims to place the computer squarely in the middle of communications among managers, technicians, and anyone else who interacts in groups, revolutionizing the way they work.(8) In 1990s, the company who used the groupware are Boeing and IBM. They use it as meeting tools to control the projects. Then lotus notes act as major software of groupware. It allow group of people to work together in internet in early stage. Slowly, groupware was fully integrate in web site and come out Web 2.0 for the purpose of host a corporate network. The functionalities include document sharing, instant messaging, web conferencing with others. (Wikipedia. 2009) Definition Groupware also called as collaborative software. The purpose of groupware is to change the documents and other materials to be shared effectively in team collaboration. Before that, we have to understand the human interaction is a must to create software to meet their needs. There are three ways of human interact: conversations, transactions and collaborations. Conversational interactions: It is the information sharing between two or more people, the purpose is to build the relationship among them. Communication technology are instant messaging, E-mail and others. Transactional interaction: It is to exchange transaction entities, means to alter relationship between participants. One participant exchange money for services and products to become a customer. It effectively in transaction systems for manage records for persistent change. Collaborative interaction: participants relationship is to alter a collaborative entity. Example, to achieve a common goal. So, true collaboration technology is to bring many people to achieve a common output. To get the many effort into a managed environment is collaboration technology. We can divided groupware into 4 area: Knowledge management tools Knowledge creation tools Information sharing tools Collaborative project management tools (Wikipedia. 2009) Collaborative project management Collaborative project management tools (CPMT) is described all detailed of collaboration and management of project and its related knowledge areas. Beside that, it also known as business related goals which used for project management. Example of collaborative project management tools: Collaborative project management tools Instant messaging Telephony Videoconferencing Web conferencing E-mail Web publishing Revision control Document versioning Document sharing Levels of groupware Groupware can be divided in 3 categories based on level of collaboration: communication tools, conferencing tools and collaborative tools. Communication: It is unstructured way to exchange information. For example, instant message discussion and phone chatting. Conferencing: Interactive work toward a goal. For example brainstorming from group of people and also voting. Collaborative: complex interdependent work toward a goal. Everyone was contribute their effort and work differently on achieving a goal. Example, everyone in an organization from different department are work hard in their own position to contribute their effort in organization to generate more profits. (Wikipedia. 2009) Communication tools Communication tools is use to communicate with people and sharing information by messages or documents. Example: E-mail Revision control Web publishing (Wikipedia. 2009) Conferencing tools Conferencing tools is use to sharing information in more interesting and responsive way. Example: Forums an internet discussion spaces to manage messages from other people. Online chat a real-time message convertion and discussion. Example MSN. Videoconferencing networked PCs conference with video and audio. Instant messaging. (Wikipedia. 2009) Collaborative tools Collaborative tools is use to manage group activities. Example Workflow systems management of tasks and documents in business process. Project management system it is a system to schedule and tasks allocated to people the steps in projects to be completed. Knowledge management system it is a system for an organization to create, store and distribute good practices and experience. (Wikipedia. 2009) Advantages of groupware Increase efficiency Groupware is to provide a centralized access point to access information. Group members have to access their related information for their tasks in their group. It can remove redundant work, required less time to search data, and spend more time in tasks. (Web conferencing zone. 2005). Define and enforce process With groupware, we can know how the information is flows. All the documentation are kept on the person who make changes. This will help group members to ensure them to perform their jobs and satisfied with their contribution to the projects. (Web conferencing zone. 2005). Provide structure Thought groupware, it can show the group members of how the tasks been allocated, what the goals of projects, expectation from them. Group members are know that their task and roles of projects. Other than that is to provide project management with scheduling and tracking facilities. (Web conferencing zone. 2005). Critical evaluation Conclusion In conclusion, workflow management system can help us to manage the task flow to be more easily and transparent. It can identified the business process, the task allocated to particular members and goal of the projects. Beside of that, it need electronic document management system to control the task and documentation of members to work more effectively and efficiency. Lastly, groupware will help group members to communicate more easily and effectively on discussion and reporting the methods to carry their tasks. In conclusion, I will combined these technology to create a system to let lecturer can have a better environment on discuss and developed a new course structure.